fig3

Figure 3. US-augmented glymphatic transport across influx pathways, vessel types, and clearance routes in mouse brain. (A) Representative confocal images of (i and ii) large and (iii and iv) small blood vessels with and without US-treatment (+US/-US), showing US-driven tracer movement along the PVS, (v and vi) Cross-sectional images and the corresponding fluorescence profiles confirming albumin tracer transport within the PVS; (B) Representative fluorescence images from (i and ii) the IN group and (iii and iv) the ICM group with and without US-treatment (+US/-US), demonstrating enhanced albumin penetration into the interstitial space; (C) Tracer penetration depth from the pial surface in coronal sections, demonstrating deeper tracer infiltration with US treatment; (D) Representative coronal brain sections at multiple bregma levels and corresponding dcLN images, showing reduced tracer residues in the parenchyma and increased dcLN accumulation following US treatment; (E) Representative images after pharmacological manipulation with TRPV4 agonist and/or antagonist, with and without US-treatment, illustrating TRPV4-dependent regulation of glymphatic influx and clearance. (A and B) Reproduced from Ye et al.^[63] with permission from the authors. Copyright © 2023 The Authors. (C-E) Reproduced from John Wiley and Sons^[64] under the CC BY 4.0 license. Copyright © 2024 The Authors. US: Ultrasound; PVS: perivascular space; IN: intranasal; ICM: intracisterna magna; dcLN: deep cervical lymph node; TRPV4: transient receptor potential vanilloid-4; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; αSMA: alpha smooth muscle actin; FL: fluorescence; B: bregma; i-dcLN: ipsilateral deep cervical lymph node; c-dcLN: contralateral deep cervical lymph node; Ago: agonist; Antag: antagonist.