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Figure 1. Multifaceted antitumor mechanisms of fenretinide. Cellular (left) and in vivo (right) antitumor effects of fenretinide are driven by multiple mechanisms (center), such as direct interaction with RAR, suppression of the mTOR pathway, generation of ROS and generation of lipid second messengers (the latter by DES1 inhibition). Red T-bars indicate inhibition. Green arrows indicate activation. Created in BioRender. Verachi, P. (2026) https://BioRender.com/5r4zhea. RAR: Retinoic acid receptor; mTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; DES1: dihydroceramide desaturase 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; mTORC1: mTOR complex 1; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; CSCs: cancer stem cells.