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Figure 1. The establishment and application of acute leukemia PDXs. The general process of constructing the acute leukemia PDX model involves sample collection (according to immunophenotypes or mononuclear cell population), pretreatment (if necessary), injection into immunodeficient mice, and subsequent engraftment monitoring. The well-accomplished engraftment enables further studies on acute leukemia, including LSCs, clonal dynamics, heterogeneity, and microenvironment interaction involving MSCs, OBs, ADs, and relative cytokines. In preclinical experiments, PDXs are invaluable tools for identifying therapy sensitivity in translational research. The PDX model has been proven to be a significant platform for evaluating various acute leukemia therapies, including targeted agents, immunotherapies, and other novel therapies. Adapted from Smart Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com), licensed under CC BY 4.0; annotations and color modifications were added by the authors using Adobe Illustrator 2024. PDXs: Patient-derived xenografts; LSCs: leukemia stem cells; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; OBs: osteoblasts; ADs: adipocytes.