fig3

Figure 3. Screen-printing-enabled geometric design space for TEDs. Film-based architectures: (A) Wearable CuAgSe thermoelectric arrays fabricated on flexible substrates for body-heat harvesting. Reproduced with permission^[20]. Copyright 2025, Wiley; (B) Pattern-defined thermoelectric tracks demonstrating circuit-level integration on diverse substrates. Reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License^[31]. Copyright 2022, Wiley; (C) High-resolution micro-thermoelectric generators featuring radially defined p-n geometries. Reproduced with permission^[85]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier; Bulk-based architectures: (D) Vertically integrated p-n arrays on ceramic substrates enabled by layer-by-layer printing and hybrid microfabrication. Reproduced with permission^[37]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry; (E) Semi-flexible multilayer TEDs fabricated on paper-based substrates. Reproduced with permission^[66]. Copyright 2023, Wiley; (F) Stacked thermoelectric modules incorporating interfacial layers for contact-resistance reduction. Reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License^[21]. Copyright 2025, Royal Society of Chemistry. CCNT: Chitin nanocrystals/multiwalled carbon nanotube; PET: polyethylene terephthalate; TE: thermoelectric; UV: ultraviolet.