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Figure 9. The application of ionogel in tumor treatment and bioadhesive agent. (A) a wearable MXene-enhanced ionogel patch (eT-patch) for skin tumor treatment. (i) Design and mechanism of eT-patch with PES effect to treat melanoma. (ii) In vivo therapeutic protocol and representative photographs of excised tumors from B16F10 tumor-bearing mice after 15 days with different treatments (Control, Laser, PTT, ES, and PES). (iii) Quantitative analysis of tumor weight and relative volume after 15-day therapy across different treatment groups[42]. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature Limited. (B) Supramolecular ionogels for soft tissue adhesion. (i) Design of tough ionogel bioadhesive. (ii) Ex vivo demonstration of strong, reversible, and biocompatible tissue adhesion on porcine organs (lung and heart), highlighting its potential for surgical applications[29]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. (C) Adhesion and repair for hard tissues based on an IGBI. (i) Fabrication and adhesion mechanism of IGBI for hard tissue integration. (ii) Adhesion performance of IGBI on various hard tissues (calvarials and teeth) and biomaterials (tantalum metal and zirconia ceramics). (iii) Application of IGBI for the repair of critical-sized calvarial bone defects. (iv) Schematic of a canine tooth reimplantation model utilizing the IGBI[43]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH GmbH. PES: Photothermal electrical stimulation; PTT: photothermal therapy; ES: electrical stimulation; IGBI: ionogel bioadhesive interface; MBAA: N, N′-methylenebis (acrylamide); HF: mixed solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid; EMIES: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; GSDME: the gene expressions of markers from pyroptosis; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; MMP: mitochondrial transmembrane potential; DMAA: N,N-dimethylacrylamide; PDMAA: poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide); CAC: citric acid and L-(-)-carnitine; PET: polyethylene terephthalate; SF: silk fibroin.
