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Figure 5. The application of ionogel in wound healing. (A) PIL-Ce -based nanofibrous membranes for treating MRSA-infected wounds. (i) Schematic illustration of the synthesis and its application for bacterial killing and ARGs decomposition. (ii) Bacterial viabilities of MRSA after contacting with PIL and PIL-Ce membranes for 4 h. (iii) Representative bioluminescent images taken at 0 and 4 h after bioluminescent MRSA inoculation and treatment with PIL-Ce[33]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH GmbH; (B) DES based ionogel for electrical stimulation dressing. (i) Preparation of DES ionogel. (ii) Wound healing in rats treated with DES ionogel and electrical stimulation. (iii) Representative wound images at days 0 and 14[39]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier B.V; (C) Mxene-based ionogel patch with PES effect. (i) Schematic diagram of the design and PES effect. (ii) Wound model established and wound healing process after treatments within 9 days. (iii) The statistics of wound area under different treatments on different days. (iv) Wound contraction degrees of PES group during the treatment[8]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier B.V; (D) The PILMN-Chl for diabetic wound healing. (i) Schematic of the synergistic wound healing process, where Chlorella supplies oxygen to the wound bed under light and PIL provides sterilization. (ii) SEM image of PILMN-Chl, optical photos of a dye labeled PILMN and corresponding pinholes left inside the skin after inserting the dyed MNs. (iii) Wound closure images of PILMN-Chl over 9 days (scale bar: 3 mm). (iv) Oxygen produced by PILMN-Chl in PBS under light (5500 lux)[134]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH GmbH. PIL-Ce: Poly(ionic liquid)/cerium; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; ARGs: antibiotic resistance genes; DES: deep eutectic solvent; PES: photothermal electrical stimulation; PILMN-Chl: Chlorella-loaded PIL-based microneedles; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; MNs: microneedles; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; AA: acrylic acid; AAM: acrylamide; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; EMIES: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; FGF-2: fibroblast growth factor-2; MMP: mitochondrial transmembrane potential; PTS: photothermal stimulation; UV: ultraviolet; E.coli: Escherichia coli.
