fig2

Figure 2. Principles of Dielectric Material Polarization and Energy Dissipation. (A) Electronic polarization; (B) Atomic polarization; (C) Ionic polarization; (D) Dipolar polarization and (E) interfacial polarization; (F) k and tanδ versus frequency^[36] (Reproduced with permission. Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society); (G) Schematic D-E hysteresis loop indicating energy dissipation^[31]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society).