fig8

Figure 8. Cytokine release following exposure to in vitro fermentation supernatants of chRG-I. Innate immune mediators IL6 (A), CXCL10 and TNF (B) were quantified after 24 h of exposure, while adaptive immune mediators IFNG, IL4, IL9, IL17A, IL21, and IL22 (C) were measured after 48 h. Data are presented as boxplots showing median, interquartile range and minimum-maximum values of absolute protein secretion (pg/mL) from PBMCs of 15 subjects. Blank fermentation supernatants served as the negative control. Data were normalized to the corresponding negative control per donor, and differences were analyzed using paired two-tailed t-tests (n = 15). Statistical significance compared with the corresponding blank control: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. chRG-I: RG-I derived from chicory root; IL: interleukin; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; TNF: tumor necrosis factor alpha; IFNG: interferon gamma; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell.