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Figure 1. Downstream data analysis in microbiome research; Conceptual schematic summarizing commonly used statistical and machine-learning approaches for the analysis of microbiome data, highlighting methods for quantifying microbial features, modeling community structure, and extracting biologically meaningful insights. Created in BioRender. Lavelle, A. (2026) https://BioRender.com/qwizjk8 ANOVA: Analysis of variance; PERMANOVA: permutational multivariate analysis of variance; SHAP: SHapley Additive exPlanations; LASSO: Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator; PCA: principal component analysis; PCoA: principal coordinates analysis; t-SNE: t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding; UMAP, uniform manifold approximation and projection; NN: neural networks.