fig4

Figure 4. Cracking, spalling, and stress-induced failure mechanisms of laser-cladded self-fluxing alloy coatings. (A) Crack morphology in a Ni-based self-fluxing alloy coating; (A) is adapted from Ref.^[69]. Licensed under CC-BY 4.0; (B) worn surface morphology of a Fe-based coating showing pitting, spalling, and cracking; (C) worn surface morphology of a Co-based coating showing slight spalling and cracking; (B and C) are adapted from Ref.^[77]. Licensed under CC-BY 4.0; (D-F) schematic illustrations of crack formation induced by thermal stress, organizational stress, and restraint stress, respectively. (D-F) are adapted from Ref.^[81]. Licensed under CC-BY 4.0.