fig3

Figure 3. Plastic response of heterogeneous structures. (A) Density of GNDs in copper near the copper-bronze interfaces as measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)^[51]. (Reprinted from Ref.^[51], with permission from Elsevier). (B) The schematic of the unloading-reloading loop for defining the unload yielding σ_u, reload yielding σ_r, back stress σ_b and frictional stress σ_f, effective unloading Young’s modulus of E_u, and effective reloading Young’s modulus of E_r^[29]. (Quoted with permission from Yang et al.^[29], under the CC BY license, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).