fig1

Figure 1. Mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction and redox-driven injury pathways in cardiovascular aging resulting in heart failure. (Created in BioRender. Ahmad D (2026) https://BioRender.com/61c7ow3). NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; DAMPs: danger-associated molecular patterns; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NLRP3: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3