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Figure 1. Evolutionary trajectory of IIoT architectures: (A) traditional ISA-95/IEC 62264 multi-layer pyramid model, in which the pre-training layer represents multiple pre-trained models, including but not limited to the IFM; (B) contemporary cloud-edge-end collaborative architecture with cloud-based IFM pre-training; (C) next-generation flattened intelligent architecture driven by the convergence of IT and OT, in which the core model is labeled as the IFM-based Industrial Cognitive Brain and the controller is labeled with real-time Linux, RTOS, and containerized runtime environments on x86/ARM platforms. All panels and the involved photographs were drawn or taken by the authors based on their own conceptual design and the publicly available online images only for general inspiration; no third-party copyrighted material and elements were involved in the final version. IIoT: Industrial Internet of Things; IFM: industrial foundation model; IT：Information Technology; OT：Operational Technology; CRM: customer relationship management; SCM: supply chain management; QMS: quality management systems; MES: manufacturing execution systems; ERP: enterprise resource planning; SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition; DCS: Distributed Control System; HMI: human-machine interfaces.