fig1

Figure 1. Molecular design of dual-confinement COF-based nanofluidics for high-performance osmotic energy conversion; (A) Synthetic strategy and schematic of dual-confinement COF nanofluidics; (B) MD-simulated structure of COF-S₁L₂ nanofluidics; (C) Design of diamino monomers with tunable lengths and sulfonation degrees for constructing COF-S₁L₁, COF-S₁L₃, COF-S₀L₂, and COF-S₂L₂ nanofluidics; (D) Schematic of osmotic energy conversion in engineered dual-confinement COF nanofluidics with high-flux ion-selective transport; (E) Schematic of the osmotic energy generation setup on COF nanofluidics; (F) Self-sustaining digital hygrothermograph powered by COF nanofluidics batteries; (G) Continuous operation of an electronic calculator driven by COF-S₁L₂ nanofluidics energy conversion batteries; (H) Output power density of COF nanofluidics with tunable pore sizes and sulfonation degrees. Error bars denote SD, n = 3; (I) Ionic conductance of COF nanofluidics versus electrolyte concentration; (J) Density curves of Na⁺/Cl^- ions versus distance in COF nanofluidics. This figure is reproduced^[4] with permission. Copyright 2026, John Wiley and Sons. COF: Covalent organic framework; MD: Molecular dynamics; p-Por-CHO: 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-benzaldehyde)porphyrin; DABS: 4,4′-diamino[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-sulphonic acid; PAB: 4,4′-diaminobiphenyl; DABDS: 4,4′-diamino-3,3′-biphenyldisulfonic acid; BDSA: 2,5-Diaminobenzenesulfonic acid; DSA: 4,4′-Diamino-2,2′-stilbenedisulfonic acid.