fig6

From: Layered double hydroxide-based single-atom catalysts: precise catalyst design on a two-dimensional ‘atomic canvas’

Figure 6. (A) Extracted oxidation state of the Ni site in Ni₃V-LDH and Ru/Ni₃V-LDH samples during HER and OER; (B) Extracted oxidation state of the Ni site in Ni₃V-LDH and Ru/Ni₃V-LDH; (C) Schematic models of HER and OER occurring at steady coordinated dual-active sites on the Ru/Ni₃V-LDH. (A-C) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[83]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. RHE: Reversible hydrogen electrode; HER: hydrogen evolution reaction; OER: oxygen evolution reaction.