fig13

From: Layered double hydroxide-based single-atom catalysts: precise catalyst design on a two-dimensional ‘atomic canvas’

Figure 13. (A) In layered double hydroxides, single-atom covalent sites can be activated by persulfate to selectively generate surface-bound free radicals that degrade EOCs. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[116]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier; (B) Schematic illustration for the fabrication of Ru-SAC/NiFe LDH Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[46]. Copyright 2025, Wiley-VCH; (C) Schematic illustration of the synthesis route to NiFe-LDH@La@SNHPC. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[61]. Copyright 2025, The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2D: Two-dimensional; 3D: three-dimensional; ROS: reactive oxygen species; PMS: peroxymonosulfate; LDH: layered double hydroxide; ZIF: zeolitic imidazolate framework; NHPC: N-doped hollow porous carbon; SNHPC: S/N co-doped hollow hierarchical porous carbon; EOC: emerging organic contaminant.