fig3

Figure 3. Cross-kingdom regulatory mechanisms of typical medicinal plant-derived miRNAs. (A) Rice-derived miR-168a targets LDLRAP1 mRNA to suppress lipid metabolism; (B) Honeysuckle miR-2911 inhibits viral replication by repressing viral PB2 and NS1 protein expression in vivo; (C) Salvia miltiorrhiza Sal-miR-1/3 targets OTUD7B to modulate the OTUD7B/KLF4/NMHC IIA axis and inhibit pathological vascular remodelling; (D) PM-EVLP deliver miR-159 to disrupt NEK7-NLRP3 interaction and block NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. LDLRAP1: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-associated protein 1; miRNA: microRNA; PB2: polymerase basic protein 2; NS1: non-structural protein 1; Sal-miR-1/3: Salvia miltiorrhiza-derived microRNA 1/3; OTUD7B: OTU deubiquitinase 7B; KLF4: Krüppel-like factor 4; NMHC IIA: non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA; PM-EVLP: plant-derived extracellular vesicle-like particles; NEK7: NIMA-related kinase 7; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3; ASC: apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain; pro-caspase-1: pro-cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease 1.