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Figure 2. Molecular composition and functions of PDEVs. PDEVs contain lipids, RNAs, proteins, and metabolites that contribute to vesicle stability, cross-kingdom regulation, cellular communication, antimicrobial defence, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and tissue repair. Created with BioRender.com and subsequently modified and finalised using Adobe Illustrator. https://BioRender.com/4igus3g. PDEVs: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles.