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Figure 3. PDEV uptake and trafficking after oral administration. This diagram illustrates the proposed uptake and trafficking of PDEVs following oral administration. PDEVs can cross the intestinal epithelium and potentially enter the circulation through portal vein transport to the liver or through lymphatic transport followed by systemic distribution. PDEVs-associated nucleic acids may subsequently reach distant organs and potentially contribute to cross-kingdom regulation. Created in BioRender. Ruting, C. (2026) https://BioRender.com/pnlssbr. PDEVs: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles; RNA: ribonucleic acid.