fig1

Figure 1. The formation and release of PDEVs from plant cells. This illustration depicts PDEV biogenesis and secretion pathways, with emphasis on nucleic acid cargo. MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane and release intraluminal vesicles. Alternatively, vesicles can be directly shed from the plasma membrane or transit through plasmodesmata to adjacent cells. Although PDEVs carry diverse cargo, including DNA, RNA, and protein, this illustration highlights their nucleic acid content. Created in BioRender. Ruting, C. (2026) https://BioRender.com/r47hcp8. PDEVs: Plant-derived extracellular vesicles; MVBs: multivesicular bodies; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; RNA: ribonucleic acid.