fig3

Figure 3. Schematic representation of probiotic microbial-derived extracellular vesicles roles in pulmonary disease modulation. Created in BioRender. Bazzan, E. (2025) https://BioRender.com/s6l04uq. mEVs: Microbial extracellular vesicles; BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; Th1: T helper 1; Th2: T helper 2; PD-L1: programmed death-ligand 1; CD8+: cluster of differentiation 8 positive T cells; α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin; Col 1: collagen type I; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases.