fig3

From: Thermal stability and safety challenges of all-solid-state batteries

Figure 3. (A) Stages of thermal runaway for conventional LIBs and SSBs under a thermal abuse condition. Adapted from Ref.^[53] under a CC BY 4.0 license; (B) Configurations of ASSB, SSB, and LIB systems, along with key parameters of different cell formats with varied component thicknesses and volume fractions; (C) Gravimetric and volumetric potential heat release as a function of cell format; (D) Potential temperature rise as a function of cell format and increasing energy density. (B-D) are adapted from Ref.^[54], Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. LIBs: Lithium-ion batteries; SSBs: solid-state batteries; ASSB: all-solid-state battery; SEI: solid electrolyte interphase; LE: liquid electrolyte.