fig1

Figure 1. (A) Progress of hybrid Na-CO₂ batteries with various catholytes, (A1) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[21]. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier. (A2) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[25]. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier. (A3) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[30]. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier. (A4) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[31]. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier. (A5) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[32]. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier. (A6) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[33]. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier. (A7) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[34]. Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society. (A8) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[28]. Copyright © 2024 John Wiley & Sons. (A9) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[35]. Copyright © 2025 Elsevier. (A10) Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[36]. Copyright © 2026 John Wiley & Sons; (B) Schematic illustration of the catholyte in hybrid Na-CO₂ batteries. NASICON: Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂; SEI: solid electrolyte interface.