fig4

Figure 4. (A) Schematic illustration of SIBs with conventional electrolytes (left) and the designed electrolyte (right) operating at LT. (B) In situ EIS profiles of HC||Na cells measured at -40 °C. (C) Rate performance of HC anodes with five electrolytes at -40 °C. (A-C) Figures reprinted with permission from Ref.^[83]. Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH. (D) Arrhenius plot of R_CT with derived E_A for NVPF in both electrolytes. Cross-sectional SEM images of Sn@NC anode with a mass loading of 3 mg cm^-2 after (E and F) fully sodiated and (G and H) desodiated at the first cycle in (E and F) the DEGDEM and (E, H) the EC/PC-based electrolytes. (D-H) Figures reprinted with permission from Ref.^[84]. Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH.