fig3

Figure 3. Perovskite films grown on control, AA-, ABA-, and DBA-modified SnO₂ films. (A) Top-view, (B) cross-sectional, and (C) buried-interface SEM images of control, AA-, ABA- and DBA-modified perovskite films; (D) Contact angle measurements of control, AA-, ABA-, and DBA-modified SnO₂ films; (E) In situ temperature-dependent XRD contours of control, AA-, ABA- and DBA-modified perovskite films. AA: L-aspartic acid; ABA: 4-aminobutyric acid; DBA: L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; XRD: X-ray diffraction.