fig6

Figure 6. Differences in key background data among the software-database-modeling configurations. Panels (A-C) show electricity carbon-footprint factors, regional concentrate-production factors in ecoinvent 3.10 and 3.11, and weighted imported-concentrate production factors, respectively. Panel (C) reports imported-concentrate production factors on a common dry-mass basis at the adopted reference copper grade of 29.63%. These factors are reported before the study-level economic allocation between cathode copper and sulfuric acid. They exclude the separately modeled international shipping leg. GaBi uses the same ecoinvent 3.11 imported-concentrate proxy as OpenLCA. Background-dataset co-product treatment is retained. LCA: Life cycle assessment; DB: database; CLCD: Chinese Life Cycle Database; RoW: rest of the world.