fig10

Figure 10. Spatial distribution of (A) annual cathode-copper production in China in 2022 and (B) the modeled cradle-to-gate carbon footprint of refined copper under province-specific electricity-factor scenarios (kg CO₂e/t). Production data for panel (A) were obtained from the China Nonferrous Metals Industry Yearbook 2023^[21]. Panel (B) uses the revised double-flash SimaPro-ecoinvent 3.10 baseline, with provincial electricity factors estimated from normalized projected installed-capacity shares and technology-specific life-cycle electricity factors. Other inventory contributions are held constant. The results represent electricity-mix sensitivity scenarios rather than measured provincial production footprints. Base map: Standard Map Service of the Ministry of Natural Resources of China, approval no. GS(2022)4309 (https://bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn/); boundaries were not modified.