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Figure 1. Functions of glial cells in the CNS. Under physiological conditions, microglia act as resident immune cells, engaging in immune surveillance, phagocytosis of cellular debris, and infection control. Astrocytes contribute to the formation of the BBB, regulate cerebral blood flow, and maintain synaptic homeostasis and neurotrophic support. Oligodendrocytes facilitate myelin formation and support the efficient propagation of bioelectrical signals through saltatory conduction, thereby safeguarding normal neuronal function. [Created in BioRender. 2, 1. (2025) https://BioRender.com/5gn4zwg]. CNS: Central nervous system; BBB: blood-brain barrier.