fig1

Figure 1. Resistance mechanisms in the HCC tumor microenvironment. The schematic illustrates five dimensions of resistance linked to the central liver. Black connecting lines indicate a correlation with specific therapeutic resistance, while icons and bold labels within each sector represent key biological drivers and resistance types. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitor; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; TIM-3: T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3; LAG-3: lymphocyte-activation gene 3; CAR-T: chimeric antigen receptor T-cell.