fig3

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the three core directions of surgical optimization for early-stage cervical cancer. The diagram summarizes global evidence, Chinese research contributions, and ongoing challenges across three domains: trauma minimization, range individualization, and precision lymph node assessment. MIS: Minimally invasive surgery; LRH: laparoscopic radical hysterectomy; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SLN: sentinel lymph node; PLND: pelvic lymphadenectomy; CNS: carbon nanoparticle suspension; MB: methylene blue; LACC: Laparoscopic approach to cervical cancer; RACC: robot-assisted approach to cervical cancer; ROCC: robotic versus open surgery for early-stage cervical cancer; GOG: gynecologic oncology group; FIGO: international federation of gynecology and obstetrics; SHAPE: simple hysterectomy and pelvic node assessment; PHENIX: sentinel lymph node biopsy versus pelvic lymphadenectomy in early-stage cervical cancer; SENTICOL: sentinel node in cervical cancer.