fig2

Figure 2. Workflow for engineering and administration of autologous MSC/ADSC-derived exosomes. (1) Collection of autologous progenitor/stromal cells from the donor; (2) Cell preparation/expansion and optional lineage priming to enable exosome production; (3) Exosome production and purification from conditioned medium; (4) Cargo loading and/or surface engineering of exosomes (e.g., miRNA/siRNA loading; expression or conjugation of tissue-specific membrane ligands); (5) Quality control and administration: vesicles are characterized for size/count and markers, then formulated and delivered according to the intended route. Created with BioRender.com. MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; ADSC: adipose-derived stem cell; miRNA: microRNA; siRNA: small interfering RNA; HSC: hematopoietic stem cell.