REFERENCES
1. Greco, A.; Imoto, S.; Backus, E. H. G.; Nagata, Y.; Hunger, J.; Bonn, M. Ultrafast aqueous electric double layer dynamics. Science 2025, 388, 405-10.
2. Gonella, G.; Backus, E. H. G.; Nagata, Y.; et al. Water at charged interfaces. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2021, 5, 466-85.
3. Esfandiar, A.; Radha, B.; Wang, F. C.; et al. Size effect in ion transport through angstrom-scale slits. Science 2017, 358, 511-3.
4. Andersson, L.; Sprik, M.; Hutter, J.; Zhang, C. Electronic response and charge inversion at polarized gold electrode. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2025, 64, e202413614.
5. Lin, K.; Lin, C. Y.; Polster, J. W.; Chen, Y.; Siwy, Z. S. Charge inversion and calcium gating in mixtures of ions in nanopores. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 2925-34.
7. Helmholtz, H. On some laws governing the distribution of electric currents in conductors, with applications to experiments on animal electricity (in Germany). Ann. Phys. 1853, 165, 211-33.
8. Chapman, D. L. LI. A contribution to the theory of electrocapillarity. Philos. Mag. 1913, 25, 475-81.
9. Grahame, D. C. The electrical double layer and the theory of electrocapillarity. Chem. Rev. 1947, 41, 441-501.
10. Fedorov, M. V.; Kornyshev, A. A. Ionic liquids at electrified interfaces. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 2978-3036.
11. Merlet, C.; Péan, C.; Rotenberg, B.; et al. Highly confined ions store charge more efficiently in supercapacitors. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4, 2701.
12. Zhou, Y.; Su, M.; Yu, X.; et al. Real-time mass spectrometric characterization of the solid-electrolyte interphase of a lithium-ion battery. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2020, 15, 224-30.
13. Ma, H.; Li, S.; Wang, S.; Yang, W.; Han, J. Biomimetic all-wood sponge for the co-generation of adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting and hydrovoltaic power generation. Research 2026, 9, 1195.
14. Lin, S.; Chen, X.; Wang, Z. L. Contact electrification at the liquid-solid interface. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 5209-32.
16. Wang, X.; Ivanov, A. P.; Edel, J. B. Biocompatible biphasic iontronics enable neuron-like ionic signal transmission. Research 2024, 7, 0294.
17. Zhuang, P.; Chen, L.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Solid-liquid interface lubricating hydrogels for tendon-bone healing. Research 2025, 8, 0924.
18. Wang, Z. L.; Wang, A. C. On the origin of contact-electrification. Mater. Today. 2019, 30, 34-51.
19. Lin, S.; Xu, L.; Chi Wang, A.; Wang, Z. L. Quantifying electron-transfer in liquid-solid contact electrification and the formation of electric double-layer. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 399.
20. Long, Y.; Zhao, B.; Liu, M.; Hu, W.; Pu, X. Smart hydrogel tactile sensors and systems: a comprehensive review. SmartSys 2025, 1, e70015.
21. Yin, J.; Jia, P.; Ren, Z.; et al. Recent advances in self-powered sensors based on ionic hydrogels. Research 2025, 8, 0571.
22. Zhang, J.; Lin, S.; Zheng, M.; Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric nanogenerator as a probe for measuring the charge transfer between liquid and solid surfaces. ACS. Nano. 2021, 15, 14830-7.
23. Zhang, J.; Lin, S.; Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric nanogenerator array as a probe for in situ dynamic mapping of interface charge transfer at a liquid-solid contacting. ACS. Nano. 2023, 17, 1646-52.
24. Zhang, J.; Wang, X.; Zhang, L.; Lin, S.; Ciampi, S.; Wang, Z. L. Triboelectric spectroscopy for in situ chemical analysis of liquids. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 6125-33.
25. Terris, B. D.; Stern, J. E.; Rugar, D.; Mamin, H. J. Contact electrification using force microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1989, 63, 2669-72.
26. Sobarzo, J. C.; Pertl, F.; Balazs, D. M.; et al. Spontaneous ordering of identical materials into a triboelectric series. Nature 2025, 638, 664-9.
27. Wei, Y.; Li, X.; Gu, Y.; et al. Probing electrical double layer via triboelectric charge transfer. Nat. Commun. 2025, 17, 402.
28. Parsons, R. The electrical double layer: recent experimental and theoretical developments. Chem. Rev. 1990, 90, 813-26.
29. Lazanas, A. C.; Prodromidis, M. I. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy - a tutorial. ACS. Meas. Sci. Au. 2023, 3, 162-93.
30. Polcari, D.; Dauphin-Ducharme, P.; Mauzeroll, J. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: a comprehensive review of experimental parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116, 13234-78.
31. He, Y.; Ren, H.; You, E. M.; et al. Polarization- and wavelength-dependent shell-isolated-nanoparticle-enhanced sum-frequency generation with high sensitivity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2020, 125, 047401.
32. Zhao, H.; Li, X.; Lei, S.; et al. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based portable system for visualizing reaction kinetics in secondary chemistry education. J. Chem. Educ. 2025, 102, 3661-70.
33. Begin, E.; Rathnayake, S. T.; Wang, Y.; et al. Probing the structure of the electrochemical double layer at a platinum electrode coated with a metal–organic framework. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2025, 129, 2011-9.
34. Shi, L.; LaCour, R. A.; Qian, N.; et al. Water structure and electric fields at the interface of oil droplets. Nature 2025, 640, 87-93.
35. Nishi, N.; Uchiyashiki, J.; Ikeda, Y.; et al. Potential-dependent structure of the ionic layer at the electrode interface of an ionic liquid probed using neutron reflectometry. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2019, 123, 9223-30.
36. Lu, J.; Wang, T.; Yang, J.; et al. Multifunctional self-assembled bio-interfacial layers for high-performance zinc metal anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2024, 63, e202409838.
37. Ouyang, Y.; Li, X.; Li, S.; Wang, Z. L.; Wei, D. Ionic rectification by dynamic regulation of the electric double layer at the hydrogel interface. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 18236-44.
38. Park, S. Y.; Choi, S. J.; Kim, J. C.; Joe, D. J.; Lee, H. E. Self‐healable and conductive hydrogel nanocomposite with high environmental stability for electromagnetic‐interference‐free electrocardiography patches. Energy. Environ. Mater. 2025, 8, e70039.
39. Li, P.; Wang, H.; Ju, Z.; et al. Ti3C2Tx MXene- and sulfuric acid-treated double-network hydrogel with ultralow conductive filler content for stretchable electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 2906-16.
