REFERENCES
1. Böscke, T. S.; Müller, J.; Bräuhaus, D.; Schröder, U.; Böttger, U. Ferroelectricity in hafnium oxide thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 102903.
2. Lee, M.; Kim, J.; Le, D. N.; et al. BEOL compatible ultra-low operating voltage (0.5 V) and preconfigured switching polarization states in effective 3 nm ferroelectric HZO capacitors. In 2024 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology and Circuits (VLSI Technology and Circuits), Honolulu, HI, USA, June 16-20, 2024; IEEE, 2024, pp 1-2.
3. Chiu, C.; De, S.; Cho, C.; Hou, T. Trade-off between thermal budget and thickness scaling: a bottleneck on quest for BEOL compatible ultra-thin ferroelectric films sub-5nm. In 2024 8th IEEE Electron Devices Technology & Manufacturing Conference (EDTM), Bangalore, India, March 3-6, 2024; IEEE, 2024, pp 1-3.
4. Lyu, X.; Si, M.; Sun, X.; Capano, M. A.; Wang, H.; Ye, P. Ferroelectric and anti-ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide: scaling limit, switching speed and record high polarization density. In 2019 Symposium on VLSI Technology, Kyoto, Japan, June 9-14, 2019; IEEE, 2019, pp T44-5.
5. Song, K.; Kim, D.; Kim, D.; et al. Fatigue-free ferroelectric HZO operable at 1V with > 1012 endurance via precycling pulse engineering. In 2025 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, USA, December 6-10, 2025; IEEE, 2025, pp 1-4.
6. Liu, X.; Geng, X.; Liu, H.; et al. Recent progress and applications of HfO2-based ferroelectric memory. Tsinghua. Sci. Technol. 2023, 28, 221-9.
7. Liao, J.; Dai, S.; Peng, R.; et al. HfO2-based ferroelectric thin film and memory device applications in the post-Moore era: a review. Fundam. Res. 2023, 3, 332-45.
8. Zhu, Z.; Zhang, B.; Zheng, Y. Progress on hafnium oxide-based emerging ferroelectric materials and applications. Microstructures 2025, 5, 2025095.
9. Shao, M.; Zhao, R.; Liu, H.; et al. Challenges and recent advances in HfO2-based ferroelectric films for non-volatile memory applications. Chip 2024, 3, 100101.
10. Zhou, Z.; Li, L.; Feng, Y.; et al. Advancing the frontiers of HfO2‐based ferroelectric memories: innovative concepts from materials to applications. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e09525.
11. Ramaswamy, N.; Calderoni, A.; Zahurak, J.; et al. NVDRAM: A 32Gb dual layer 3D stacked non-volatile ferroelectric memory with near-DRAM performance for demanding AI workloads. In 2023 International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, USA, December 9-13, 2023; IEEE, 2023, pp 1-4.
12. Khosla, R.; Sharma, S. K. Integration of ferroelectric materials: an ultimate solution for next-generation computing and storage devices. ACS. Appl. Electron. Mater. 2021, 3, 2862-97.
13. Kim, M.; Kim, I.; Lee, J. CMOS-compatible ferroelectric NAND flash memory for high-density, low-power, and high-speed three-dimensional memory. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabe1341.
14. Park, H.; Han, C.; Choi, Y.; Choi, M.; Won, S.; Shin, C. Effect of bottom electrode annealing temperature and atmosphere on endurance characteristics of ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Capacitors. IEEE. Electron. Device. Lett. 2025, 46, 2038-41.
15. Han, C.; Ryun Kwon, K.; Jeong, S.; et al. Tunable ferroelectric properties of HfO₂-based oxides: role of aluminum doping and bottom electrodes. IEEE. Trans. Electron. Devices. 2025, 72, 635-9.
16. Park, H. S.; Shin, J. C.; Kim, K. D.; et al. Enhancing ferroelectric properties of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films using the HfN/TiN and W/TiN bi-layer bottom electrodes. J. Materiomics. 2025, 11, 101109.
17. Tierno, D.; Croes, K.; Ajaykumar, A.; Ramesh, S.; Van Den Bosch, G.; Rosmeulen, M. Reliability of Mo as word line metal in 3D NAND. In 2021 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS), Monterey, CA, USA, March 21-25, 2021; IEEE, 2021, pp 1-6.
18. Erofeev, I.; Hartanto, A. W.; Saidov, K.; et al. Solving the annealing of Mo interconnects for next-gen integrated circuits. Adv. Electron. Mater. 2024, 10, 2400035.
19. Ajaykumar, A.; Breuil, L.; Katcko, K.; et al. First demonstration of ruthenium and molybdenum word lines integrated into 40 nm pitch 3D-NAND memory devices. In 2021 Symposium on VLSI Technology, Kyoto, Japan, June 13-19, 2021; 2021; IEEE, pp 1-2. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9508691.
20. Zhao, B.; Sun, K.; Song, Z.; Yang, J. Ultrathin Mo/MoN bilayer nanostructure for diffusion barrier application of advanced Cu metallization. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2010, 256, 6003-6.
21. Founta, V.; Soulié, J.; Sankaran, K.; et al. Properties of ultrathin molybdenum films for interconnect applications. Materialia 2022, 24, 101511.
22. Wang, W.; Xiong, F.; Zhu, S.; Chen, J.; Xie, J.; An, Q. Defect engineering in molybdenum-based electrode materials for energy storage. eScience 2022, 2, 278-94.
23. Kim, S. E.; Sung, J. Y.; Jeon, J. D.; et al. Toward advanced high‐k and electrode thin films for DRAM capacitors via atomic layer deposition. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2022, 8, 2200878.
24. Zhao, R.; Liu, T.; Zhao, X.; et al. Impact of molybdenum oxide electrode on the ferroelectricity of doped-Hafnia oxide capacitors. IEEE. Trans. Electron. Devices. 2022, 69, 1492-6.
25. Lee, Y.; Kim, S. H.; Jeong, H. W.; et al. Mitigation of field-driven dynamic phase evolution in ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 films by adopting oxygen-supplying electrode. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2024, 648, 158948.
26. Reddy, P. S.; Nallagatla, V. R.; Sreedhar, A. Enhanced remnant polarization in ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin film capacitors through Mo top electrode by post-metallization annealing treatment. Physica. B:. Condensed. Matter. 2024, 685, 416024.
27. Jacobson, D. L.; Campbell, A. E. Molybdenum work function determined by electron emission microscopy. Metall. Trans. 1971, 2, 3063-6.
28. Berge, S.; Gartland, P.; Slagsvold, B. Photoelectric work function of a molybdenum single crystal for the (100), (110), (111), (112), (114), and (332) faces. Surf. Sci. 1974, 43, 275-92.
29. Lee, W.; Cho, C. J.; Lee, W. C.; Hwang, C. S.; Chang, R. P. H.; Kim, S. K. MoO2 as a thermally stable oxide electrode for dynamic random-access memory capacitors. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2018, 6, 13250-6.
30. Inzani, K.; Nematollahi, M.; Vullum-bruer, F.; Grande, T.; Reenaas, T. W.; Selbach, S. M. Electronic properties of reduced molybdenum oxides. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19, 9232-45.
31. Ranade, P.; Takeuchi, H.; King, T.; Hu, C. Work function engineering of molybdenum gate electrodes by nitrogen implantation. Electrochem. Solid-State. Lett. 2001, 4, G85.
32. Nam, H.; Shin, C. Study of high-k/metal-gate work-function variation using Rayleigh distribution. IEEE. Electron. Device. Lett. 2013, 34, 532-4.
33. Lin, S.; Lai, Y. Effect of nitrogen on the physical properties and work function of MoNx cap layers on HfO2 gate dielectrics. ECS. J. Solid. State. Sci. Technol. 2014, 3, N161-5.
34. Zhang, Q.; Ma, J.; Lei, M.; Quhe, R. Metallic MoN layer and its application as anode for lithium-ion batteries. Nanotechnology 2018, 29, 165402.
35. Kang, W.; Ahn, J. S.; Lee, J. H.; Choi, B. J.; Han, J. H. Enhanced oxidation resistance and interface stability of atomic-layer-deposited MoNx electrodes via TiN passivation for DRAM cell capacitor applications. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 57446-56.
36. Tsui, B.; Huang, C.; Lu, C. Investigation of molybdenum nitride gate on SiO2 and HfO2 for MOSFET application. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153, G197.
37. Nečas, D.; Klapetek, P. Gwyddion: an open-source software for SPM data analysis. Open. Phys. 2012, 10, 181-8.
38. Müller, J.; Böscke, T. S.; Schröder, U.; et al. Ferroelectricity in simple binary ZrO2 and HfO2. Nano. Lett. 2012, 12, 4318-23.
39. Reed, T. B. Free energy of formation of binary compounds. MIT press Cambridge, MA, 1971.
40. Kubaschewski, O.; Alcock, C. B. Metallurgical thermochemistry, 5th ed; Pergamon Press, 1979.
41. Lajaunie, L.; Boucher, F.; Dessapt, R.; Moreau, P. Quantitative use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy Mo-M2,3 edges for the study of molybdenum oxides. Ultramicroscopy 2015, 149, 1-8.
42. Soto, G.; De La Cruz, W.; Farı́as, M. XPS, AES, and EELS characterization of nitrogen-containing thin films. J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 2004, 135, 27-39.
44. Vickerman, J. C.; Briggs, D. ToF-SIMS: materials analysis by mass spectrometry; Im publications, 2013.
45. Cho, D.; Jung, H. S.; Yu, I.; et al. Stabilization of tetragonal HfO2 under low active oxygen source environment in atomic layer deposition. Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 3534-43.
46. Jaffe, J. E.; Bachorz, R. A.; Gutowski, M. Low-temperature polymorphs of ZrO2 and HfO2: a density-functional theory study. Phys. Rev. B. 2005, 72, 144107.
47. Böscke, T. S.; Teichert, S.; Bräuhaus, D.; et al. Phase transitions in ferroelectric silicon doped hafnium oxide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 99, 112904.
48. Fields, S. S.; Smith, S. W.; Fancher, C. M.; et al. Metal nitride electrode stress and chemistry effects on phase and polarization response in ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films. Adv. Mater. Inter. 2021, 8, 2100018.
49. Yang, K.; Choi, H.; Ahn, J. S.; et al. Utilization of oxygen content modulated Ru electrode to examine the interfacial redox chemistry of ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2. J. Materiomics. 2025, 11, 101110.
50. Li, Y.; Liang, R.; Xiong, B.; et al. TiNx/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2/TiNx ferroelectric memory with tunable transparency and suppressed wake-up effect. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2019, 114, 052902.
51. Dang, Z.; Lv, S.; Gao, Z.; et al. Improved endurance of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-based ferroelectric capacitor through optimizing the Ti-N ratio in TiN electrode. IEEE. Electron. Device. Lett. 2022, 43, 561-4.
52. Pešić, M.; Fengler, F. P. G.; Larcher, L.; et al. Physical mechanisms behind the field-cycling behavior of HfO2‐based ferroelectric capacitors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 4601-12.
53. Degraeve, R.; Groeseneken, G.; Bellens, R.; et al. New insights in the relation between electron trap generation and the statistical properties of oxide breakdown. IEEE. Trans. Electron. Devices. 1998, 45, 904-11.
54. Wang, X.; Feng, Y.; He, Y.; et al. Sub-10 nm fully atomic-layer-deposited MFM stack with enhanced reliability: record-low Ileakage and record-high EBD in 3 nm ferroelectric HZO. In 2025 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), San Francisco, CA, USA, December 6-10, 2025; IEEE, 2025, pp 1-4.







