REFERENCES
1. Sun, C.; Wu, C.; Gu, X.; Wang, C.; Wang, Q. Interface engineering via Ti3C2Tx MXene electrolyte additive toward dendrite-free zinc deposition. NanoMicro. Lett. 2021, 13, 89.
2. Zhou, Y.; Wang, P.; Wang, K.; et al. Developing high-performance anode-free lithium batteries: challenges, strategies, and opportunities. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2424022.
3. Zhang, J.; Huang, H.; Zhang, G.; Dai, Z.; Wen, Y.; Jiang, L. Cycle life studies of lithium-ion power batteries for electric vehicles: a review. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 93, 112231.
4. Gotz, J. D.; Viana, E. R.; Galvão, J. R.; Corrêa, F. C.; Borsato, M.; Badin, A. A. Self SOC estimation for second-life lithium-ion batteries. IEEE. Access. 2025, 13, 75037-46.
5. Zhang, G.; Wei, X. Thermal safety assessment of lithium-ion batteries based on direct current impedance during the whole lifecycle. J. Power. Sources. 2025, 631, 236256.
6. Tulabi, M.; Bubbico, R. Electrochemical-thermal modeling of lithium-ion batteries: an analysis of thermal runaway with observation on aging effects. Batteries 2025, 11, 178.
7. Wang, Z.; Zhao, Q.; Wang, S.; Song, Y.; Shi, B.; He, J. Aging and post-aging thermal safety of lithium-ion batteries under complex operating conditions: a comprehensive review. J. Power. Sources. 2024, 623, 235453.
8. Awasthi, S. A review on the optimization of electrolytes to enhance lithium-ion batteries’ safety and performance under abuse conditions. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 100, 113439.
9. Joshi, A.; Mishra, D. K.; Singh, R.; Zhang, J.; Ding, Y. A comprehensive review of solid-state batteries. Appl. Energy. 2025, 386, 125546.
10. Antony Jose, S.; Gallant, A.; Gomez, P. L.; et al. Solid-state lithium batteries: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Batteries 2025, 11, 90.
11. Sung, J.; Heo, J.; Kim, D.; et al. Recent advances in all-solid-state batteries for commercialization. Mater. Chem. Front. 2024, 8, 1861-87.
12. Liu, X.; Jia, H.; Li, H. Flame-retarding quasi-solid polymer electrolytes for high-safety lithium metal batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 67, 103263.
13. Lu, Q.; Wang, C.; Bao, D.; et al. High-performance quasi-solid-state pouch cells enabled by in situ solidification of a novel polymer electrolyte. Energy. Environ. Mater. 2023, 6, e12447.
14. Roelens, A.; Raj, A.; Tuemay, M. D.; et al. New insights in the electrochemical stability of various solid polymer electrolytes/layered positive metal-oxide electrode interfaces in solid-state lithium-ion battery. Energy. Environ. Mater. 2026, 9, e70084.
15. Kainat, S.; Anwer, J.; Hamid, A.; Gull, N.; Khan, S. M. Electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries: advancements in the era of twenties (2020’s). Mater. Chem. Phys. 2024, 313, 128796.
16. Zhang, X.; Cheng, S.; Fu, C.; et al. Advancements and challenges in organic-inorganic composite solid electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries. NanoMicro. Lett. 2024, 17, 2.
17. Voropaeva, D. Y.; Stenina, I. A.; Yaroslavtsev, A. B. Solid-state electrolytes: a way to increase the power of lithium-ion batteries. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2024, 93, RCR5126.
18. Ahniyaz, A.; de Meatza, I.; Kvasha, A.; et al. Progress in solid-state high voltage lithium-ion battery electrolytes. Adv. Appl. 2021, 4, 100070.
19. Lee, D.; Lee, R.; Lee, S. Enhancing interfacial stability of hybrid polymer electrolytes via functional additives for solid-state batteries. J. Energy. Storage. 2026, 141, 119455.
20. Yang, Z.; Yue, D.; Yao, Y.; et al. Energy storage application of all-organic polymer dielectrics: a review. Polymers 2022, 14, 1160.
21. Ren, Z.; Wang, Y.; Ye, Q.; et al. Tailored inorganic fillers in composite solid-state electrolytes: enabling synergistic enhancement of ionic conduction and interfacial stability for high-performance ASSLBs. Small 2025, 21, e08824.
22. Yan, J.; Huang, W.; Hu, T.; et al. Modified polyethylene oxide solid-state electrolytes with poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene). Molecules 2025, 30, 2422.
23. Li, M.; Tian, T.; Yang, X.; et al. Analogue molecular doping engineering enables high ionic conductivity of polyvinylidene fluoride-based polymer electrolytes. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 20084-95.
24. Costa, C. M.; Cardoso, V. F.; Martins, P.; et al. Smart and multifunctional materials based on electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride): recent advances and opportunities in sensors, actuators, energy, environmental, and biomedical applications. Chem. Rev. 2023, 123, 11392-487.
25. Li, Q.; Chen, J.; Fan, L.; Kong, X.; Lu, Y. Progress in electrolytes for rechargeable Li-based batteries and beyond. Green. Energy. Environ. 2016, 1, 18-42.
26. Tse, Y. T.; Lu, S.; Sun, X.; et al. High dielectric composite polymer electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. Nano. Res. 2025, 18, 94907260.
27. Elbinger, L.; Enke, M.; Ziegenbalg, N.; Brendel, J. C.; Schubert, U. S. Beyond lithium-ion batteries: Recent developments in polymer-based electrolytes for alternative metal-ion-batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2024, 65, 103063.
28. Dai, C.; Weng, M.; Cai, B.; et al. Ion-conductive crystals of poly(vinylidene fluoride) enable the fabrication of fast-charging solid-state lithium metal batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 8243-53.
29. Khan, K. H.; Haleem, A.; Arwish, S.; Shah, A.; Hussain, H. PVDF-based solid polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries: strategies in composites, blends, dielectric engineering, and machine learning approaches. RSC. Adv. 2025, 15, 20629-56.
30. Zhai, P.; Yang, Z.; Wei, Y.; Guo, X.; Gong, Y. Two-dimensional fluorinated graphene reinforced solid polymer electrolytes for high-performance solid-state lithium batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2022, 12, 2200967.
31. Wang, W.; Jia, M.; Bi, Z.; Guo, X. Porous g-C3N4 microspheres wrapped by garnet nanoparticles enable solid composite electrolytes with improved ionic conduction and interfacial stability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2419182.
32. Du, L.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, Y.; et al. Ion transport and interfacial regulation of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2026, 552, 217482.
33. Yun, S.; Hwang, I.; Choi, J. W.; Kim, S. Y. Composition-driven design of solid polymer electrolytes: effects of non-coordinating and coordinating polymers on ionic transport in PVDF-HFP/PEG blends. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2026, 14, 3534-46.
34. Zhang, T.; Shi, B.; Zhang, S.; et al. Nanoscale phase separation achieved through trace PVDF/PEI blending enhances mechanical and energy storage performance at high temperatures. J. Power. Sources. 2024, 620, 235255.
35. Shah, V.; Wang, B.; Li, K. Blending modification to porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes prepared via combined crystallisation and diffusion (CCD) technique. J. Membr. Sci. 2021, 618, 118708.
36. Liu, J. X.; Yin, J. Y.; Huang, Y. F. Recent progress of poly (vinylidene fluoride) based solid-state ionogel electrolytes in improving electrochemical performance. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2025, 700, 138495.
37. Xiao, Y.; Zhang, J.; Yu, Y.; et al. Triple enhancement effect of fluoro and phenol dual-hybrid MOF in high-voltage solid-state lithium metal batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2026, 16, e05438.
38. Xu, Z.; Ma, G.; Rana, D.; Matsuura, T.; Lan, C. Q. Modification of exterior and intraporous surfaces of polyvinylidene fluoride membranes using KOH/water/alcohol ternary: effects of wettability, polarity, and OH- activity. React. Funct. Polym. 2025, 208, 106147.
39. Liu, W.; Guo, Y.; Xue, Z.; Sun, H.; Lin, X.; Liu, C. Fabrication of PVDF membranes via γ-ray irradiation and investigation into their membrane formation mechanisms and water treatment properties. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 494, 152975.
40. Zhou, S.; Zhong, S.; Dong, Y.; et al. Composition and structure design of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based solid polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2214432.
41. He, B.; He, Y.; Wang, W.; et al. Strain-coupled, crystalline polymer-inorganic interfaces for efficient magnetoelectric sensing. Science 2025, 389, 623-31.
42. Wu, Q.; Liang, H.; Gu, L.; Yu, Y.; Huang, Y.; Xu, Z. PVDF/PAN blend separators via thermally induced phase separation for lithium ion batteries. Polymer 2016, 107, 54-60.
43. Li, X.; Pan, J.; Macedonio, F.; et al. Fluoropolymer membranes for membrane distillation and membrane crystallization. Polymers 2022, 14, 5439.
44. Lai, T.; Wang, L.; Liu, Z.; Bhayo, A. M.; Wang, Y.; He, X. Tackling challenges and exploring opportunities in cathode binder innovation. NanoMicro. Lett. 2025, 18, 9.
45. Zheng, Z.; Zhou, J.; Zhu, Y. Computational approach inspired advancements of solid-state electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries: from first-principles to machine learning. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 3134-66.
46. Pham, V.; Huy, H.; So, S.; Hur, J. Inorganic fillers in composite gel polymer electrolytes for high-performance lithium and non-lithium polymer batteries. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 614.
47. Jiang, Y.; Xu, C.; Xu, K.; et al. Surface modification and structure constructing for improving the lithium ion transport properties of PVDF based solid electrolytes. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 442, 136245.
48. Gu, Y.; Zhang, B.; Fu, Z.; et al. Poly (vinyl alcohol) modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) microfiltration membranes for oil/water emulsion separation via an unconventional radiation method. J. Membr. Sci. 2021, 619, 118792.
49. Teh, J. Y.; Yong, W. F. Recent advances in H2 purification and CO2 capture: evolving from flat sheet to hollow fiber membranes. Carbon. Capture. Sci. Technol. 2024, 13, 100334.
50. Zhu, Q.; Yang, K.; Chen, L.; et al. Activating interfacial ion exchange in composite electrolytes to realize high-rate and long-cycling solid-state lithium batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202425221.
51. Wu, L.; Jin, Z.; Liu, Y.; et al. Recent advances in the preparation of PVDF-based piezoelectric materials. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2022, 11, 1386-407.
52. Zhang, J.; Sun, B.; Huang, X.; Chen, S.; Wang, G. Honeycomb-like porous gel polymer electrolyte membrane for lithium ion batteries with enhanced safety. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 6007.
53. Yang, Z.; Jiang, H.; Li, X.; et al. Fabricating wide-temperature-range quasi-solid sodium batteries with fast ion transport via tin additives. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2407713.
54. Luo, X.; Yang, J.; Zhang, R.; et al. Microstructures and properties of PVDF membranes: effect of the solvent. Ferroelectrics 2022, 595, 95-108.
55. Mohanty, S. P.; Bhargava, P. Effect of casting condition on the porosity of polymer membrane and its impact on the photoelectrochemical behavior of dye-sensitized solar cells. Ionics 2016, 22, 1217-23.
56. Zhang, R.; Xu, S.; Cheng, J.; Wang, H.; Ren, Y. Study on the preparation process and influential factors of large area environment-friendly molten carbonate fuel cell matrix. IOP. Conf. Ser. Earth. Environ. Sci. 2017, 73, 012014.
57. Prasanth, S. R.; Prasannavenkadesan, V.; Katiyar, V.; Achalkumar, A. S. Polymer electrolytes: evolution, challenges, and future directions for lithium-ion batteries. RSC. Appl. Polym. 2025, 3, 499-531.
58. Liu, F.; Liu, Z.; Gao, S.; et al. Polyimide film with low thermal expansion and high transparency by self-enhancement of polyimide/SiC nanofibers net. RSC. Adv. 2018, 8, 19034-40.
59. Mokhtari, F.; Samadi, A.; Rashed, A. O.; et al. Recent progress in electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based nanofibers for sustainable energy and environmental applications. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2025, 148, 101376.
60. Cho, Y.; Beak, J. W.; Sagong, M.; Ahn, S.; Nam, J. S.; Kim, I. D. Electrospinning and nanofiber technology: fundamentals, innovations, and applications. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e2500162.
61. Gu, J.; Peng, Q.; Zhong, X.; et al. Piezo-phototronic PVDF/HfO2/Nano-Cu heterostructured thin film for flexible self-powered multimodal sensing. Adv. Sci. 2026, 13, e18913.
62. Hu, Q.; Guo, R.; Liu, Q.; Luo, H. Thousandfold boosting peak power output in piezoelectric nanogenerator via impact excitation strategy. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2026, 16, e04000.
63. Si, Y.; Shi, S.; Hu, J. Electrospinning and electrospraying synergism: twins-tech collaboration across dimensions. Matter 2024, 7, 1373-405.
64. Ghosal, K.; Chandra, A.; G, P.; et al. Electrospinning over solvent casting: tuning of mechanical properties of membranes. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 5058.
65. Wu, D.; Deng, L.; Sun, Y.; et al. A high-safety PVDF/Al2O3 composite separator for Li-ion batteries via tip-induced electrospinning and dip-coating. RSC. Adv. 2017, 7, 24410-6.
66. Hsu, K. C.; Keyan, A. K.; Hung, C. W.; et al. Fabrication of CuYO2 nanofibers by electrospinning and applied to hydrogen harvest. Materials 2022, 15, 8957.
67. Hidayat, H. N.; Hawari, N. H.; Haidar, A. H.; et al. Li2CO3-incorporated PVDF nanofiber network as lithium host enabling low N/P ratio lithium metal batteries. Nano. Res. 2025, 18, 94907781.
68. Zheng, G.; Chen, Y.; Chen, R.; et al. Three-dimensional flame-retardant quasi-solid composite electrolyte with a fiber structure formed using the coaxial electrospinning to suppress lithium dendrite growth. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 518, 164616.
69. Chen, S.; Zhou, J.; Li, K.; et al. Superhydrophobic and robust photothermal/electrothermal PVDF-a/CNT-s@PDMS membrane for crude oil removal and dye adsorption. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2023, 244, 110267.
70. Wu, J.; Li, M.; Gao, S.; et al. Electrospinning-assisted porous skeleton electrolytes for semi-solid Li-O2 batteries. Chem. Commun. 2024, 60, 5070-3.
71. Shen, J.; Zeng, Y.; Li, Q.; Zhou, J.; Chen, W. Convenient folding-hot-pressing fabrication and enhanced piezoelectric properties of high β-phase-content poly(vinylidene fluoride) films. Interdiscip. Mater. 2024, 3, 715-25.
72. Wu, J.; Wu, X.; Wang, W.; et al. Dense PVDF-type polymer-in-ceramic electrolytes for solid state lithium batteries. RSC. Adv. 2020, 10, 22417-21.
73. Ranjbar, N.; Kashefi, A.; Ye, G.; Mehrali, M. Effects of heat and pressure on hot-pressed geopolymer. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 231, 117106.
74. Fluker, E. C.; Pathreeker, S.; Hosein, I. D. Polyvinylidene fluoride-based gel polymer electrolytes for calcium ion conduction: a study of the influence of salt concentration and drying temperature on coordination environment and ionic conductivity. J. Phys. Chem. C. Nanomater. Interfaces. 2023, 127, 16579-87.
75. Dhumrash, S.; Gautam, A.; Kumar, A.; Jaglan, N.; Uniyal, P. Appreciable amelioration in the dielectric and energy storage behavior of the electrospun fluoropolymer PVDF-HFP thick films: effect of hot-pressing. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 103, 114337.
76. Qu, Z.; Chen, Q.; Li, X.; et al. Thermomechanical pressing and immediate quenching: enhanced piezoelectricity and transparency in piezoelectric nanofibers. Nat. Commun. 2025, 17, 816.
77. Zhang, Y.; Gou, B.; Li, Y.; et al. Integration of gel polymer electrolytes with dry electrodes for quasi-solid-state batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 498, 155544.
78. Mredha, M. T. I.; Wadu, R. R. M.; Li, S.; et al. Piezoelectric cellulose/poly(vinylidene fluoride) glycerogels with synergistically enhanced energy output for wide temperature range. Energy. Mater. 2025, 5, 500074.
79. Zhu, M.; Han, D.; Yang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, H. Fabrication of PVDF ultrafiltration membranes with methyl lactate: enhancing performance through green solvent practices. Green. Chem. 2025, 27, 5149-62.
80. Xue, W.; Ahangaran, F.; Wang, H.; Theato, P.; Cheng, Y. J. Gel polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries: advantages, challenges, and perspectives. Macromol. Rapid. Commun. 2025, 46, e2500207.
81. Rani, I.; Arwish, S.; Khan, K. H.; Zamurad, M.; Shah, S. M.; Hussain, H. Effect of succinonitrile on the structural, ion conductivity, and dielectric properties of PVDF-HFP based solid polymer electrolytes. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2025, 142, e56331.
82. Kankanamge SR, Kuroda DG. Molecular structure, chemical exchange, and conductivity mechanism of high concentration LiTFSI electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2020, 124, 1965-77.
83. Ramesh, S.; Ling, O. P. Effect of ethylene carbonate on the ionic conduction in poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoropropylene) based solid polymer electrolytes. Polym. Chem. 2010, 1, 702.
84. Wang, T. H.; Wu, M. S.; Chang, H. C. Characterization of local structures of confined imidazolium ionic liquids in PVdF-co-HFP matrices by high pressure infrared spectroscopy. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1973.
85. Yao, X.; Lan, L.; Hun, Q.; et al. Preparation and performance of PVDF-HFP/PAN-based gel polymer electrolytes. Gels 2025, 11, 317.
86. Huang, R.; Xu, R.; Zhang, J.; et al. PVDF-HFP-SN-based gel polymer electrolyte for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Nano. Res. 2023, 16, 9480-7.
87. Li, Y.; Yuan, W.; Hu, Z.; et al. Constructing PVDF-based polymer electrolyte for lithium metal batteries by polymer-induced phase structure adjustment strategy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2424763.
88. Halder, B.; Mohamed, M. G.; Kuo, S.; Elumalai, P. Review on composite polymer electrolyte using PVDF-HFP for solid-state lithium-ion battery. Mater. Today. Chem. 2024, 36, 101926.
89. Fan, H. Q.; Wang, W. J.; Wang, Z. Y. Structure and properties of pizeoelctric polymer designed by unsing first principle calculation. In 2008 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications, Nanjing, China. December 5-8, 2008; IEEE, 2008; pp. 546-9. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4775849 (accessed 2026-07-30).
90. Costa, C.; Lizundia, E.; Lanceros-méndez, S. Polymers for advanced lithium-ion batteries: state of the art and future needs on polymers for the different battery components. Prog. Energy. Combust. Sci. 2020, 79, 100846.
91. Huang, Z.; Lyu, H.; Greenburg, L. C.; Cui, Y.; Bao, Z. Stabilizing lithium-metal electrodes with polymer coatings. Nat. Energy. 2025, 10, 811-23.
92. Song, Y.; Qu, H.; Lao, Z.; et al. Creating vacancy strong interaction to enable homogeneous high-throughput ion transport for efficient solid-state lithium batteries. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e2419271.
93. Huang, A.; Yang, Z.; Chang, X.; Lin, C. W.; Kaner, R. B. A nanoengineered vanadium oxide composite as a high-performance anode for aqueous Li-ion hybrid batteries. Nanoscale. Horiz. 2024, 9, 1279-89.
94. Xu, L.; Chen, S.; Su, Y.; et al. Building better batteries: solid-state batteries with Li-rich oxide cathodes. Energy. Mater. Adv. 2023, 4, 0045.
95. Seol, M. L.; Nam, I.; Sadatian, E.; Dutta, N.; Han, J. W.; Meyyappan, M. Printable gel polymer electrolytes for solid-state printed supercapacitors. Materials 2021, 14, 316.
96. Peng, J.; Jia, Y.; He, Q.; et al. Leveraging dipole-dipole interactions for low-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e75893.
97. Yao, Z.; Qi, F.; Ye, L.; et al. Composite polymer electrolyte based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) for solid-state batteries. Heliyon 2024, 10, e28097.
98. Liu, Z.; Islam, M. S.; Fang, Y.; Zhu, M.; Cao, C. C.; Xu, G. Design strategies and performance enhancements of PVDF-based flexible electrolytes for high-performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Nanoscale 2025, 17, 2408-22.
99. Wang, S.; Li, C.; Ma, Y.; et al. Regulating crystalline phase/plane of polymer electrolyte for rapid lithium ion transfer. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202420698.
100. Parija, A.; Das, K. K.; Mohanty, U. A.; Parida, K. Multifunctional PVDF based composite for sustainable catalysis: Insights into piezo-photocatalytic environmental and energy application. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 522, 167260.
101. Guo, X.; Yi, J.; Zhou, C.; Zhang, Z.; Chen, M. Controlled synthesis of ultralow-defect poly(vinylidene fluoride) via organocatalyzed low-temperature polymerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 38807-16.
102. Zhang, Y.; Ye, Z.; Niu, F.; et al. From negligible to giant electrocaloric effect of poly(vinylidene fluoride). Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 11180.
103. Sahu, A. K.; Varadwaj, K.; Nayak, S. K.; Mohanty, S. Single-ion conducting polymer electrolyte: a promising electrolyte formulation to extend the lifespans of LMBs. Nano. Energy. 2024, 122, 109261.
104. Yao, X.; Chen, S.; Zhu, H.; et al. Revealing rate-determining factors of interfacial lithium-ion transport for efficient membrane lithium separation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2426072.
105. Florian, J.; Lyu, H.; Choi, I. R.; et al. Revealing solvent-assisted Li+ transport in the solid electrolyte interphase operando. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 42701-10.
106. Pan, J.; Charnay, A. P.; Charnay, B. P.; Fayer, M. D. Partial desolvation causes lithium structural transport in liquid and gel polymer electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026, 148, 1503-12.
107. Pan, J.; Charnay, A. P.; Zheng, W.; Fayer, M. D. Revealing lithium ion transport mechanisms and solvation structures in carbonate electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 35329-38.
108. Lun, Z.; Merryweather, A. J.; Mahadevegowda, A.; et al. Operando single-particle imaging reveals that asymmetric ion flux contributes to capacity degradation in aged Ni-rich layered cathodes. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 4097-107.
109. Zhu, F.; Huang, Z.; Wang, X.; et al. Atomically determining the interstitial lithium in the three-dimensional lattice of a lithium-ion-conducting solid electrolyte. Nano. Lett. 2025, 25, 11499-506.
110. Cho, B.; Jung, S.; Park, S.; Hyun, J.; Yu, S. In situ/operando imaging techniques for next-generation battery analysis. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2024, 9, 4068-92.
111. Zhang, X.; Hui, Z.; King, S.; et al. Tunable Porous electrode architectures for enhanced Li-ion storage kinetics in thick electrodes. Nano. Lett. 2021, 21, 5896-904.
112. Sun, C.; Ren, H.; Wang, X.; et al. Achieving uniform Ti/P Co-modifications for optimized Li+ transport kinetics of LiCoO2. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2506727.
113. Wang, H.; Qian, L.; Zheng, Y.; et al. Microenvironment regulation unlocks high Li⁺ conduction in polyether electrolytes for high-performance quasi-solid-state batteries. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e10197.
114. Wang, J.; Zhang, J.; Cheng, X.; et al. Electrode/electrolyte interface studies of rechargeable li batteries with interface-specific sum frequency generation spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 44633-51.
115. Schmeisser, M.; Zahl, A.; Scheurer, A.; Puchta, R.; van Eldik, R. Ligand exchange processes on solvated lithium cations. VI. Determination of coordination numbers by ligand substitution and 7Li NMR. Z. Naturforsch. B. 2010, 65, 405-13. http://www.znaturforsch.com/s65b/s65b0405.pdf (accessed 2026-07-31).
116. Kim, J. S.; Kulkarni, U.; Park, J. H.; et al. Eutectic transition and interfacial modulation of multifunctional ionic liquid additives for subzero-temperature lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2025, 15, e03900.
117. Cheng, X. B.; Zhang, R.; Zhao, C. Z.; Wei, F.; Zhang, J. G.; Zhang, Q. A review of solid electrolyte interphases on lithium metal anode. Adv. Sci. 2016, 3, 1500213.
118. Yang, S.; Yan, J.; Chou, J.; et al. High Li+ coordination entropy reducing the interaction between Li+ and polymer chains to improve Li+ transport for solid-state lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2502741.
119. He, X.; Liu, Z.; Ni, J.; Yang, X.; Wu, H.; Yao, M. Activating interfacial Li+ transportation channels via lithium-rich space charge layers towards stable solid-state lithium-metal batteries. J. Energy. Chem. 2025, 110, 293-300.
120. Benayad, A.; Morales-Ugarte, J. E.; Santini, C. C.; Bouchet, R. Operando XPS: a novel approach for probing the lithium/electrolyte interphase dynamic evolution. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2021, 125, 1069-81.
121. Hockmann, A.; Ackermann, F.; Diddens, D.; Cekic-Laskovic, I.; Schönhoff, M. Heterogeneous Li coordination in solvent-in-salt electrolytes enables high Li transference numbers. Faraday. Discuss. 2024, 253, 343-64.
122. Duan, S.; Lu, Z.; Zheng, Y.; et al. Directionally aligned “mechanical balance” design enables near-frictionless Li+ transport in polymer electrolytes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026, 148, 2972-84.
123. Nam, C.; Koo, B.; Kim, J.; et al. Dynamic lithium transport pathway via crack formation in phase-separating battery particles. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 9936-45.
124. Shen, Z. Z.; Zhang, X. S.; Liu, R. Z.; Guo, Y. G.; Wen, R. Tracing lithophilic sites: in situ nanovisualization of their migration and degradation in all-solid-state lithium batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2026, 148, 1790-800.
125. Sun, T.; Qian, G.; Fang, R.; et al. Electrode strain dynamics in layered intercalation battery cathodes. Science 2025, 390, 1272-7.
126. Zhang, Z.; Lee, J. K.; Li, Y.; et al. Resolving three-dimensional nanoscale heterogeneities in lithium metal batteries with cryoelectron tomography. Matter 2025, 8, 102266.
127. Wang, C.; Zhang, R.; Li, J.; Xin, H. L. Resolving electrochemically triggered topological defect dynamics and structural degradation in layered oxides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2025, 122, e2409494122.
128. Bieker, G.; Winter, M.; Bieker, P. Electrochemical in situ investigations of SEI and dendrite formation on the lithium metal anode. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 8670-9.
129. Dachraoui, W.; Kühnel, R.; Battaglia, C.; Erni, R. Nucleation, growth and dissolution of Li metal dendrites and the formation of dead Li in Li-ion batteries investigated by operando electrochemical liquid cell scanning transmission electron microscopy. Nano. Energy. 2024, 130, 110086.
130. Cao, T.; Xu, R.; Cheng, X.; et al. Chemomechanical origins of the dynamic evolution of isolated li filaments in inorganic solid-state electrolytes. Nano. Lett. 2024, 24, 1843-50.
131. Li, C.; Liu, B.; Jiang, N.; Ding, Y. Elucidating the charge-transfer and Li-ion-migration mechanisms in commercial lithium-ion batteries with advanced electron microscopy. Nano. Res. Energy. 2022, 1, e9120031.
132. Zhou, C.; Hu, T.; Zhang, Z.; et al. Laser-induced high-density Bi-F-C sites to unleash potent Li⁺ adsorption for stable lithium anodes. Adv. Mater. 2026, 38, e17701.
133. Qiao, D.; Wei, X.; Zhu, J.; et al. Mechanism of battery expansion failure due to excess solid electrolyte interphase growth in lithium-ion batteries. eTransportation 2025, 25, 100450.
134. Huang, T.; Huang, W.; Liu, P.; et al. Local cation-ordered superlattice stabilizing Ni-rich single-crystalline cathodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 27265-77.
135. Wölke, C.; Sadeghi, B. A.; Eshetu, G. G.; Figgemeier, E.; Winter, M.; Cekic-laskovic, I. Interfacing Si-based electrodes: impact of liquid electrolyte and its components. Adv. Mater. Interfaces. 2022, 9, 2101898.
136. Tao, L.; Zhang, H.; Shah, S. R.; et al. Revealing the roles of the solid-electrolyte interphase in designing stable, fast-charging, low-temperature Li-ion batteries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2025, 122, e2420398122.
137. Zhou, X.; Wen, B.; Cai, Y.; et al. Interfacial engineering for oriented crystal growth toward dendrite-free zn anode for aqueous zinc metal battery. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202402342.
138. Yang, L.; Chu, Y.; Feng, Y.; et al. Breaking voltage limitations: triethyl phosphate-engineered PVDF-based electrolytes with dual-interphase stabilization for 4.7 V-class quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 25940-9.
139. Zhang, M.; Luo, X.; Zhou, D.; et al. Multiscale manipulation of functional imperfection atomic interfaces. Acc. Chem. Res. 2026, 59, 322-36.
140. Chang, X.; Cheng, R.; Wang, T.; et al. Fluorinated carbon nitride-assisted solvation-regulation engineering toward polyvinylidene fluoride-based electrolytes for long-lifespan solid-state lithium batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 9490-501.
141. Sun, Y.; Li, C.; Liu, D.; Zhang, F.; Xue, J.; Zheng, Q. Surface and interfacial engineering for multifunctional nanocarbon materials. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 1944-80.
142. Fairhurst, A. R.; Snyder, J.; Wang, C.; Strmcnik, D.; Stamenkovic, V. R. Electrocatalysis: from planar surfaces to nanostructured interfaces. Chem. Rev. 2025, 125, 1332-419.
143. Zhang, T.; Gu, M.; Liu, Y.; et al. Functionalized wood: a green nanoengineering platform for sustainable technologies. Nanomicro. Lett. 2026, 18, 108.
144. Lin, F.; Huang, Q.; Mao, Z.; Wang, W. Tuning the performance of inorganic nanosized fluorophores in near-infrared region II by surface chemical modification. Small. Methods. 2025, 9, e00809.
145. Kim, S.; Ju, S.; An, G. Mechanically robust and water-trapping separators for zinc-ion batteries via hydrophilic surface engineering. J. Energy. Chem. 2025, 111, 237-48.
146. Liu, J.; Zhang, F.; Xu, J.; et al. Unveiling the synergistic mechanism of C-F and C-Cl bonds in enhancing the triboelectric performance of fluorinated polymers. Nat. Commun. 2026, 17.
147. Ye, S.; Hosono, N.; Uemura, T. Polymer-grafting from MOF nanosheets for the fabrication of versatile 2D materials. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2312265.
148. Hu, M.; Leng, C.; Zhang, B.; et al. Electrochemical graft of polymer molecules on carbon fibers surfaces to construct high-performance carbon fiber/epoxy composites with micrometer-scale interphases. Compos. Part. B. Eng. 2025, 304, 112630.
149. Ma, C.; Cui, W.; Zhang, Q.; et al. Grafting-engineered interfacial desolvation dynamics: a universal strategy for low-temperature Li-metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e15760.
150. Wang, J.; Tang, B.; Wu, J.; et al. Revitalizing dendritic lithium with atomic modulator-decorated suspension electrolyte for durable lithium metal batteries. Sci. Adv. 2026, 12, eaef9111.
151. Wang, J.; Cheng, S.; Wang, X.; et al. Cross-linked poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)-graft-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) achieved enhanced dielectric properties and charge-discharge efficiency. ACS. Appl. Polym. Mater. 2024, 6, 8929-38.
152. Wang, X.; Wang, S.; Fan, X.; Yuan, W.; Zhang, T.; Li, Y. Controllable construction of zwitterionic polymer grafting modified polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membrane. React. Funct. Polym. 2024, 200, 105925.
153. Tee, N.; Zhu, Y.; Mortimer, G. M.; Martin, D. J.; Minchin, R. F. Fluoromica nanoparticle cytotoxicity in macrophages decreases with size and extent of uptake. Int. J. Nanomedicine. 2015, 10, 2363-75.
154. Tahalyani, J.; Rahangdale, K. K.; Aepuru, R.; Kandasubramanian, B.; Datar, S. Dielectric investigation of a conducting fibrous nonwoven porous mat fabricated by a one-step facile electrospinning process. RSC. Adv. 2016, 6, 36588-98.
155. Yang, G.; Cui, J.; Zeng, K.; et al. Continuous construction of gradient modulus interphase in CF/PA6 composites with enhanced interfacial properties and reduced porosity. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2025, 272, 111392.
156. Zhang, Y.; Yang, M.; Zhang, Z.; et al. Biomimetic “soft-hard-soft” gradient interface engineering: multi-stage structural synergies and dual-layer tribofilm modulation for enhanced tribological properties of CF/PTFE composites. Compos. Part. B. Eng. 2025, 307, 112856.
157. Shi, L.; Zhang, L.; Yang, Y.; et al. In situ nano-SiO2 electrospun polyethylene-oxide-based nano-fiber composite solid polymer electrolyte for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1294.
158. Kim, S.; Woo, M.; Omkar, S.; Javid, A.; Chang, D.; Park, C. Advanced PVDF-HFP-based composite quasi-solid polymer electrolyte for high-energy lithium-ion batteries with enhanced safety and durability. J. Power. Sources. 2025, 640, 236716.
159. Luo, P.; Su, K.; Wu, Y.; et al. Solid polymer electrolyte with dual lewis-acid filler for ultra-stable lithium metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e2501142.
160. Yang, X.; Liu, J.; Pei, N.; et al. The critical role of fillers in composite polymer electrolytes for lithium battery. NanoMicro. Lett. 2023, 15, 74.
161. Chen, Z.; Yang, H.; Yu, H.; et al. Comprehensive effects of isomeric doping on electrospun PVDF films: Towards smart wiper systems enabled by piezoelectric nanogenerators and machine learning. Nano. Energy. 2025, 141, 111094.
162. Zhao, J.; Ouyang, S.; Yang, H.; et al. Design of quasi-solid-state electrolyte based on MOF/polymer composites with high conductivity and lithium transfer number for lithium metal batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 521, 166854.
163. Hu, D.; Zhu, G. R.; Duan, P. H.; Chen, S. C.; Wu, G.; Wang, Y. Z. Competitive anion anchoring and hydrogen bonding in multiscale-coupling composite quasi-solid electrolytes for fire-safety and long-life lithium metal batteries. Adv. Sci. 2025, 12, e2501012.
164. Hu, H.; Li, W.; Liu, H.; et al. Studies on composite solid electrolytes with a dual selective confinement interface structure of anions for high-performance lithium metal batteries. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 3552-63.
165. Xiong, P.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, X.; et al. Atomic-scale regulation of anionic and cationic migration in alkali metal batteries. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4184.
166. Cui, M.; Gao, N.; Zhao, W.; et al. Self-regulating interfacial space charge through polyanion repulsion effect towards dendrite-free polymer lithium-metal batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2303834.
167. Lan, J.; Zhong, Y.; Peng, H.; et al. Constructing an anion-capturing interface to achieve Li+ cross-phase transport in composite solid electrolytes. Nat. Commun. 2025, 17, 376.
168. Zhao, J.; Huang, S.; Zhao, Y.; et al. In-situ Li2Se interface engineering in NiSe-incorporated PVDF electrolytes for high-rate and dendrite-resistant solid-state lithium batteries. ACS. Sustainable. Chem. Eng. 2025, 13, 13309-17.
169. Cai, X.; Zou, S.; Zhao, Y.; et al. Ordering engineering among the nanostructure evolution facilitates high-performance Li metal anode. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e2508557.
170. Wang, H.; Xue, B.; Ma, Y.; et al. Rational design of interfaces for high current-density lithium metal anodes. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2025, 17, 39244-53.
171. Na, H. B.; Dam, T.; Park, C. J. Sulfonated PVDF-HFP and SiO2 based quasi-solid-state composite electrolyte for lithium-oxygen batteries. J. Colloid. Interface. Sci. 2026, 702, 138831.
172. Liu, Y.; Zhang, D. D.; Cui, G. Y.; Luo, R. Y.; Zhao, D. L. Enhanced mechanical properties of multiscale carbon fiber/epoxy unidirectional composites with different dimensional carbon nanofillers. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 1670.
173. Xia, S.; Yang, B.; Zhang, H.; Yang, J.; Liu, W.; Zheng, S. Ultrathin layered double hydroxide nanosheets enabling composite polymer electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries at room temperature. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2101168.
174. Shi, Y.; Zhao, R.; Tang, J.; Mao, Z.; Chen, S. Flexible PVDF-based dielectric composites prepared by surface modification of BaTiO3 with fluorosilanes of varying alkane chain lengths. Ceram. Int. 2025, 51, 15914-22.
175. Zhen, Y.; Ding, N.; Peng, R.; et al. Simultaneous structure, thermal, and mechanics regulation for boosting performance of PVDF-based solid-state electrolytes. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2025, 17, 14058-72.
176. Huo, Y.; Fang, S.; Chen, W.; Hou, J.; Gao, M.; Dou, Y. Harness multifunctional MOFs derivatives for epoxy resin: upgrade both flame retardancy and toughness via interface engineering and expand applications. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2026, 241, 52-67.
177. Gao, C.; Li, X.; Wei, G.; Wang, S.; Zhao, X.; Kong, F. Flexible PVDF-HFP based hybrid composite solid electrolyte membrane co-filled with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 for high-performance solid-state lithium batteries. Ind. Crops. Prod. 2023, 195, 116426.
178. Zhou, T.; Zha, J. W.; Cui, R. Y.; Fan, B. H.; Yuan, J. K.; Dang, Z. M. Improving dielectric properties of BaTiO3/ferroelectric polymer composites by employing surface hydroxylated BaTiO3 nanoparticles. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2011, 3, 2184-8.
179. Yu, K.; Niu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Bai, Y.; Wang, H.; Randall, C. Nanocomposites of surface-modified BaTiO3 nanoparticles filled ferroelectric polymer with enhanced energy density. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2013, 96, 2519-24.
180. Yu, Y.; Shao, W.; Liu, Y.; et al. Achieving high energy storage in BaTiO3/rGO/PVDF nanocomposites by regulating the charge transfer path at the hetero-interface. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2023, 11, 5279-87.
181. Sun, K.; Zhao, M.; Yang, P.; et al. Negative permittivity of reduced graphene oxide/polyvinylidene fluoride membranous composites adjusted by heat treatment. Rare. Met. 2024, 43, 5964-74.
182. Likhi, F. H.; Singh, M.; Potdukhe, H. R.; Ajayan, P. M.; Rahman, M. M.; Karim, A. Tuning dielectric properties with nanofiller dimensionality in polymer nanocomposites. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 57253-67.
183. Chen, Y.; Xue, Y.; Shi, J.; et al. Sandwich-structured relaxor ferroelectric nanocomposite incorporated with core-shell fillers for outstanding-energy-storage capacitor application. J. Alloys. Compd. 2024, 1003, 175642.
184. Wang, Z.; Zhao, T.; Wu, D.; et al. Enhancing dielectric properties and energy storage performance of polyvinylidene fluoride composite by surface-modified AgNbO3 nanoparticles. High. Voltage. 2024, 9, 939-47.
185. Zeng, C.; Zheng, R.; Cao, Y.; et al. Gradient micro-structure design enabling mechanochemically durable single-crystalline Ni-rich layered oxides for advanced lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e19504.
186. Zhai, P.; Qu, S.; Cao, Z.; Mao, H. High-valent cation-mediated inorganic-rich gradient SEI for highly stable solid state polymer lithium metal batteries. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2025, 81, 104493.
187. He, H.; Shang, J.; Li, S.; et al. Enabling interfacially compatible and high-voltage-tolerant lithium metal batteries with gradient composited solid-state electrolytes. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2024, 12, 22971-80.
188. Daems, K.; Yadav, P.; Dermenci, K.; Van Mierlo, J.; Berecibar, M. Advances in inorganic, polymer and composite electrolytes: mechanisms of lithium-ion transport and pathways to enhanced performance. Renew. Sust. Energy. Rev. 2024, 191, 114136.
189. Ren, J.; Ouyang, Q.; Ma, G.; et al. Enhanced dielectric and ferroelectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) through annealing oriented crystallites under high pressure. Macromolecules 2022, 55, 2014-27.
190. Zhou, Z.; Xia, W.; Liu, J.; Tian, N.; You, C. Enhancement of permittivity and energy storage efficiency of poly (vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene) by uniaxial stretching. J. Adv. Dielect. 2023, 13, 2242002.
191. Huang, Y.; Rui, G.; Li, Q.; et al. Enhanced piezoelectricity from highly polarizable oriented amorphous fractions in biaxially oriented poly(vinylidene fluoride) with pure β crystals. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 675.
192. Seo, Y.; Kim, H.; Zan, G.; et al. Graft copolymer-stabilized liquid metal nanoparticles for lithium-ion battery self-healing anodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2508062.
193. Yasar, M.; Hassett, P.; Murphy, N.; Ivankovic, A. β phase optimization of solvent cast PVDF as a function of the processing method and additive content. ACS. Omega. 2024, 9, 26020-9.
194. Naren, T.; Jiang, R.; Gu, Q.; Kuang, G.; Chen, L.; Zhang, Q. Fluorinated organic compounds as promising materials to protect lithium metal anode: a review. Mater. Today. Energy. 2024, 40, 101512.
195. Li, H.; Liang, J.; Zheng, R.; et al. Influence of β-phase content on the stretching-induced α-β phase transition of highly oriented poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrathin films. Chin. J. Polym. Sci. 2025, 43, 1406-14.
196. Tang, Y.; Lin, Y.; Lin, H.; Li, C.; Zhou, B.; Wang, X. Effects of room temperature stretching and annealing on the crystallization behavior and performance of polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membranes. Membranes 2020, 10, 38.
197. Zhang, Q.; Li, Z.; Cui, J.; Yan, Y. Lightweight polymer composites with synergistic electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal management for precision electronic devices. Mater. Des. 2025, 260, 115235.
198. Aniskevich, Y.; Myung, S. T. Gains and losses in zinc-ion batteries by proton- and water-assisted reactions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2025, 54, 4531-66.
199. Luo, H.; Gou, Q.; Zheng, Y.; et al. Machine learning-assisted high-donor-number electrolyte additive screening toward construction of dendrite-free aqueous zinc-ion batteries. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 2427-43.
200. Shen, Z.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z.; et al. Highly-entangled hydrogel electrolyte for fast charging/discharging properties in aqueous zinc ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2406620.
201. Wu, H.; Zhang, S.; Vongsvivut, J.; Jaroniec, M.; Hao, J.; Qiao, S. Aqueous zinc-iodine batteries with ultra-high loading and advanced performance. Joule 2025, 9, 102000.
202. Wu, Y.; Xie, M.; Fu, K.; et al. Realizing lean-electrolyte zinc-ion batteries via an ultrathin and cost-effective separator. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e27567.
203. Han, Y.; Xu, N.; Yin, Y.; et al. Recent advances in stabilization strategies for zinc anodes in aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Front. Energy. 2025, 19, 862-83.
204. Yu, R.; Ma, Y.; Zhang, N.; Qiu, T.; Jiang, Q.; Zhu, G. Confined polymer electrolyte synthesis in porous frameworks for cold-climate zinc-ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e11029.
205. Ling, W.; Mo, F.; Wu, X.; Zeng, X.; Xiong, J.; Huang, Y. Solid-state eutectic electrolyte via solvation regulation for voltage-elevated and deep-reversible Zn batteries. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 4868.
206. Ge, H.; Xie, X.; Xie, X.; et al. Critical challenges and solutions: quasi-solid-state electrolytes for zinc-based batteries. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 3270-306.
207. Song, M.; Tan, H.; Chao, D.; Fan, H. J. Recent advances in Zn-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1802564.
208. Wang, Y.; Yang, X.; Zhao, M.; Wang, W.; Guo, B.; Zhang, Y. Orchestrating ion conduction and interface stability with a montmorillonite filler for dendrite-free and shuttle-free quasi-solid zinc-iodine batteries. Chem. Eng. J. 2026, 528, 172546.
209. Bósquez-Cáceres, M. F.; Hidalgo-Bonilla, S.; Morera Córdova, V.; Michell, R. M.; Tafur, J. P. Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes for zinc and magnesium batteries: from synthetic to biopolymers. Polymers 2021, 13, 4284.
210. Qiu, M.; Liu, H.; Luo, J.; Tawiah, B.; Fu, S.; Jia, H. Long-life zinc electrodes achieved by oxygen plasma functionalization. Chem. Commun. 2022, 58, 993-6.
211. Mariyappan, S.; Desai, P.; Morcrette, M.; Tarascon, J. From lab to market with sustainable sodium-ion batteries. Nat. Sustain. 2026, 9, 360-71.
212. Hu, S.; Wang, D.; Yuan, Z.; et al. In-situ polymerized solid-state polymer electrolytes for high-safety sodium metal batteries: progress and perspectives. Batteries 2023, 9, 532.
213. Zhao, S.; Che, H.; Chen, S.; et al. Research Progress on the Solid Electrolyte of Solid-State Sodium-Ion Batteries. Electrochem. Energy. Rev. 2024, 7, 196.
214. Liu, Y.; Mao, H.; Bai, R.; et al. Designing an isotropic epilayer for stable 4.2 V solid-state Na batteries. Nat. Energy. 2025, 10, 1305-14.
215. Zhao, L.; Xu, M.; Chen, N.; et al. Precise interfacial regulation achieving high-rate and long-life polymer solid-state sodium metal batteries. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2026, 16, e03160.
216. Ling, Q. C.; Chen, D. C.; Zhu, X.; et al. Probing local asymmetric site anchored anion based on multifunctional polymer electrolyte for sustainable solid-state sodium-metal battery. Adv. Mater. 2026, 38, e14352.
217. Li, X.; Zheng, Z.; Guo, W.; Fu, G.; Zhu, Y. Flexible and compact PVDF/PMMA-based gel polymer electrolytes for high-performance sodium metal batteries. Macromol. Rapid. Commun. 2025, 46, e2400689.
218. Zhao, S.; Wang, H.; Wang, Y.; et al. Inhibiting microdomain crystallinity of polymer-based electrolytes toward high-performance solid-state sodium batteries. Nano. Energy. 2025, 145, 111473.
219. Si, H.; Ma, J.; Xia, X.; Wang, Q.; Geng, S.; Fu, L. Solid-state sodium-ion batteries: theories, challenges and perspectives. Chemistry 2025, 31, e202403247.
220. Dhir, S.; Cattermull, J.; Jagger, B.; et al. Characterisation and modelling of potassium-ion batteries. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 7580.
221. Wu, J.; Tang, Z.; Chen, Y.; et al. Fast ion-transport and stable interface enabled by a phthalocyanine covalent organic framework protective layer for high-performance magnesium metal anode. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e75384.
222. Tinker, H. R.; Howard, C. A.; Zhou, M.; Xu, Y. Exploring anodes for calcium-ion batteries. Mater. Adv. 2023, 4, 2028-41.
223. Feng, Y.; Rao, A. M.; Zhou, J.; Lu, B. Selective potassium deposition enables dendrite-resistant anodes for ultrastable potassium-metal batteries. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, e2300886.
224. Mao, Z.; Wang, H.; Zhang, T.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, W.; Chao, D. Synergetic electrolyte chemistry enables flame-retardancy, K+-desolvation, anti-corrosion and wide-temperature-tolerance in potassium-ion batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 34059-69.
225. Grill, J.; Steensen, S. K.; Castro, D. L. Q.; Castelli, I. E.; Popovic-Neuber, J. Solid-state inorganic electrolytes for next generation potassium batteries. Commun. Mater. 2024, 5, 568.
226. Zhang, F.; Wang, X.; Wu, M.; et al. Anion/cation synergy-reinforced electrode/electrolyte interphases via ionic liquid electrolyte engineering for ultralong cycling high-voltage potassium batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2025, 10, 3857-65.
227. Song, L.; Yang, Q.; Yao, Y.; et al. Surface work function-induced high-entropy solid electrolyte interphase formation for highly stable potassium metal anodes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202509252.
228. Wang, D.; Du, X.; Chen, G.; et al. Cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) endows Mo6S8 with fast interfacial magnesium-ion transfer kinetics. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202217709.
229. Li, R.; Xia, L.; Yue, J.; et al. Nanosized anatase TiO2 with exposed (001) facet for high-capacity Mg2+ ion storage in magnesium ion batteries. NanoMicro. Lett. 2025, 18, 17.
230. Gohar, O.; Ishfaq, H. A.; Iqbal, M. A.; et al. Recent advancements in high-performance and durable electrodes materials for magnesium-ion batteries. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2025, 538, 216702.
231. Wang, D.; Zhang, Z.; Hao, Y.; et al. Challenges and progress in rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries: materials, interfaces, and devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2410406.
232. Yu, L.; Zhao, R.; Han, X.; et al. Electrolytes for rechargeable calcium batteries: Addressing the constraints imposed by battery configuration and electrode materials. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2025, 83, 104683.
233. Lin, H.; Zhan, Z.; Zeng, H.; et al. Ultrastable calcium metal anodes enabled by a strongly coordinated electrolyte derived bilayer solid electrolyte interphase. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e10711.
234. Wang, J.; Yu, R.; Jiang, Y.; et al. High-solvation electrolytes for ultra-stable calcium-ion storage. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 6616-26.
235. Lin, H.; Meng, J.; Guo, W.; et al. Deciphering the dynamic interfacial chemistry of calcium metal anodes. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 6548-58.
236. Cheng, H.; Li, Z.; Li, G.; et al. Mesoscale hydrogen-bond network engineering controls quantum-coherent proton transport to suppress aluminum corrosion. Sci. Adv. 2026, 12, eaef4850.
237. Tang, W.; Tang, Y.; Liu, M.; Cheng, Y.; Wang, P. Layered oxide cathodes for potassium-ion batteries: challenges, strategies and perspectives. Energy. Mater. 2025, 5, 500140.
238. Yang, H.; Wang, W.; Huang, Z.; et al. Weak electrostatic force on K+ in gel polymer electrolyte realizes high ion transference number for quasi solid-state potassium ion batteries. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, e2401008.
239. Wen, T.; Deng, Y.; Qu, B.; et al. Re-envisioning the key factors of magnesium metal anodes for rechargeable magnesium batteries. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2023, 8, 4848-61.
240. Zhang, Y.; Li, J.; Ge, M.; Huang, Y.; Xu, H. Transparent PVDF-based electrolyte enabled by lipophilic lithium magnesium silicate for solid-state lithium batteries. Rare. Met. 2024, 43, 5625-36.
241. Demarthe, N.; O'dell, L. A.; Humbert, B.; et al. Enhanced Li+ and Mg2+ diffusion at the polymer-ionic liquid interface within PVDF-based ionogel electrolytes for batteries and metal-ion capacitors. Adv. Energy. Mater. 2024, 14, 2304342.
242. Yan, L.; Yang, W.; Yu, H.; Zhang, L.; Shu, J. Recent progress in rechargeable calcium-ion batteries for high-efficiency energy storage. Energy. Storage. Mater. 2023, 60, 102822.
243. Wu, X.; Brinckerhoff, A.; Nguyen, J.; Pasternak, M.; Fang, H. Advances in developing inorganic calcium solid-state electrolytes: a minireview. Energy. Fuels. 2025, 39, 5691-8.






