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Figure 2. Differential effects of autophagy on DNA damage repair and genomic stability at different autophagy levels. Schematic diagram showing the possible simultaneous interplay between different autophagy subtypes and their spatiotemporal effects on DNA damage repair in cells. Different types of autophagy (e.g., macroautophagy, mitophagy, and ER-phagy) can be induced and interact with each other, as well as with the surrounding intracellular molecular networks, resulting in differential effects on DNA damage repair and genomic stability, at different stages in cells under nutrient stress.